Herbaria as manuscripts: Philology, ethnobotany, and the textual-visual mesh of early modern botany.

While interest in early modern herbaria has so far mainly concentrated on the dried plants stored in them, this paper addresses another of their qualities - their role as manuscripts. In the 1670s, the German botanist Paul Hermann (1646-95) spent several years in Ceylon (today Sri Lanka) as a medical officer in the service of the Dutch East India Company. During his stay he put together four herbaria, two of which contain a wealth of handwritten notes by himself and several later owners. First, it will be shown that these notes provide information on the linguistic skills and interests of those who collected plants in an overseas trading settlement. Hermann's botanical practice demanded and, at the same time, generated knowledge of Sinhalese (an Indo-Aryan language that is spoken by the largest ethnic group on the island) and its script. In his herbarium, observations on the semantics, morphology, and pronunciation of Sinhalese are inextricably intertwined with those of botanical nature. Second, on the basis of these voluminous notes, the character of early modern herbaria as manuscripts will be highlighted. And third, Hermann's herbaria will be integrated into an investigation of scribal practices and publication strategies of eighteenth-century botany. Along with field notes, letters, manuscripts, illustrations, and printed books, herbaria were knots in the textual-visual mesh of early modern botany.

James Cowles Prichard and the Linguistic Foundations of Ethnology.

This article examines the English scholar James Cowles Prichard's attention to language and comparative philology within his wider project on the natural history of man. It reveals that linguistic evidence was among the most important elements for Prichard in his overarching scientific aim of investigating human physical diversity, and served as the evidential foundation for his ethnology. His work on Celtic comparative philology made him not only one of the earliest British adopters of German comparative grammar, but a comparative philologist of European stature in his own right. More generally, linguistic evidence helped Prichard to keep his magnum opus, Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, as logically ordered as possible, and therefore to turn ethnology into a discipline with analytical aspirations on a global scale.

Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias (1948˗2021): artífice de la revista Medisan / Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias (1948-2021): author of Medisan magazine

Con este artículo se desea honrar la memoria de la Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias, fundadora del Centro Provincial de Información de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba y artífice de la revista Medisan, quien, desde un profundo conocimiento de la lengua española y el amor por su profesión, se dedicó a revisar y mejorar estilísticamente documentos biomédicos de muy variada índole durante cuatro décadas. Asimismo, fue loable su interés y placer en enseñar a redactar y publicar sobre medicina y otras ciencias afines, lo cual le concedió un meritorio lugar en la comunidad de profesionales de la salud de esta provincia y en el grupo de editores científicos de toda Cuba.

With this work it is wanted to honor the memory of the Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias, founder of the Information Provincial Center of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba and author of Medisan magazine, who, from a deep knowledge of the Spanish language and the love for her profession, devoted her life to stylistically revise and improve biomedical documents of very varied nature during four decades. Also, her interest and pleasure in teaching how to edit and publish on medicine and other similar sciences was commendable, that granted her a meritorious place in the community of health professionals from this province and in the group of scientific editors of all Cuba.

[The quotations of Yijing Dazhi from the Danxi Yi An].

The Yijing Dazhi (, Great Illustrated Directions on Medical Classics) was written by Haiyan He Yue in the Ming Dynasty. This book cited some sections from the Danxi Yi An ( , Danxi's Medical Cases), and some cases in this book were new discoveries. Using the method of philology, this paper compared the cited sections from the Danxi Yi An () in The Yijing Dazhi with the medical records in Danxi Yi An (), Gezhi Yu Lun (, Further Discourses on the Properties of Things), Danxi Zuanyao (, Collected Essentials of Master Danxi's Medical Book), and Danxi Zhifa Xinyao (, Heart and Essentials of Danxi's Treatment Methods). It found that Danxi Yi An() and Danxi Yi An () are actually two individual books. In addition, the contents of Yijing Dazhi cited from Danxi Yi An () are well preserved and have important reference value for collating the medical records of Zhu Danxi in other relevant medical archives.

[Philology research on the quoting from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women in Korean Euibangyoochui].

Euibangyoochui compiled by the Korean government was finished in 1445. This book is a collection of Korean medicine. It quoted some contents from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women. This paper use the photocopy of the Japanese edition of the first year of Fumihisa(1861)printed in Korea as the master copy of Euibangyoochui, the microfilm of the edition of Qin You Shu Tang in Yuan Dynasty as the master copy of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women, in order to compare the content of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women quoted in Euibangyoochui. There are 42 direct citations from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women in Euibangyoochui, 41 of which are in gynecology, and 1 of which is in pediatrics. The indirect citations are divided into two types: single line big characters and double line small characters, no obvious rules. Meanwhile, it is found that the direct quotation is adjusted according to the style and content, and the differences between the quotation and the yuan edition are mostly small, which can be corrected and supplemented each other, it is of great reference value for collating the Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women.

Perversão ou perversidade? Genealogia de um debate médico-jurídico / Perversion or perversity? Genealogy of a medical-legal debate

Resumo O artigo analisa as condições de formação do conceito psiquiátrico de "perversão" e mais especificamente a maneira como, a partir dos anos 1820, se constrói uma oposição fundamental e estruturante entre "perversão" e "perversidade" que se evidencia tanto no campo jurídico como no médico-legal. Compreender esse jogo de oposição e de poder entre ambos os conceitos permite entender alguns conflitos profissionais entre médicos e juristas, mas também algumas disputas políticas.

Abstract The article analyzes the conditions of formation of the psychiatric concept of "perversion" and, more specifically, the way in which, from the 1820s, a fundamental structuring opposition between "perversion" and "perversity" in juridical and medical-legal fields was constructed. Understanding this game of opposition and power between both concepts allows assimilating some professional conflicts between doctors and jurists, as well as some political disputes.

Loss of philological purity: Hybrid vigor or mongrelism?

Although disparaged by philologists, hybrid words enrich technical and scientific vocabularies. They are common, so, like it or not, they are here to stay. On the other hand, where there are pre-existing purebred compound or affixed words, they should generally be given preference over hybrids. Some adjectives (e.g., laryngeus and sphenoideus) are discussed to illustrate these recommendations. Clin. Anat. 31:771-773, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of European Bat Lyssavirus 2.

Bat rabies cases in Europe are mainly attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely European Bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) and European Bat Lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2). Prior to the death of a bat worker in Finland in 1985, very few bat rabies cases were reported. Enhanced surveillance in the two subsequent years (1986-1987) identified 263 cases (more than a fifth of all reported cases to date). Between 1977 and 2016, 1183 cases of bat rabies were reported, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to EBLV-1. In contrast, there have been only 39 suspected cases of EBLV-2, of which 34 have been confirmed by virus typing and presently restricted to just two bat species; Myotis daubentonii and Myotis dasycneme. The limited number of EBLV-2 cases in Europe prompted the establishment of a network of European reference laboratories to collate all available viruses and data. Despite the relatively low number of EBLV-2 cases, a large amount of anomalous data has been published in the scientific literature, which we have here reviewed and clarified. In this review, 29 EBLV-2 full genome sequences have been analysed to further our understanding of the diversity and molecular evolution of EBLV-2 in Europe. Analysis of the 29 complete EBLV-2 genome sequences clearly corroborated geographical relationships with all EBLV-2 sequences clustering at the country level irrespective of the gene studied. Further geographical clustering was also observed at a local level. There are high levels of homogeneity within the EBLV-2 species with nucleotide identities ranging from 95.5-100% and amino acid identities between 98.7% and 100%, despite the widespread distribution of the isolates both geographically and chronologically. The mean substitution rate for EBLV-2 across the five concatenated genes was 1.65 × 10-5, and evolutionary clock analysis confirms the slow evolution of EBLV-2 both between and within countries in Europe. This is further supported by the first detailed EBLV-2 intra-roost genomic analysis whereby a relatively high sequence homogeneity was found across the genomes of three EBLV-2 isolates obtained several years apart (2007, 2008, and 2014) from M. daubentonii at the same site (Stokesay Castle, Shropshire, UK).

Molecular cloning of chicken interleukin-17B, which induces proinflammatory cytokines through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Interleukin (IL)-17B is a little known member of the IL-17 cytokine family, which plays an important role in immunity by regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we determined the coding sequence and biological functions of a novel chicken IL-17B (chIL-17B). The full-length chIL-17B coding sequence includes 567 nucleotides encoding 188 amino acids, which was identified in small intestinal epithelial cells. The chIL-17B protein shares 96.48% amino acid sequence identity with turkey, 92.57% with duck, and 44.92-64.06% with mammalian IL-17B proteins. ChIL-17B shares three exons and two introns with mammals, turkey, and duck. Moreover, IL-17B mRNA was more highly expressed than IL-17A mRNA in several organs of chickens infected with Salmonella and was upregulated in chicken cell lines following LPS stimulation. In addition, in chicken cell lines, chIL-17B induced the mRNA expression of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß, IL-6, LITAF, and INF-γ, but not IL-17A, and activated MyD88, TAK1, NF-κB1, and SOCS1, which are associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, chicken interleukin-17B plays a critical role in host defense against the bacterial pathogens, and regulates proinflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.

[Philological structure of Dan xi shou jing (Danxi's Hand Mirror)].

Zhu Danxi, one of the four Major Schools of the Jin-Yuan Dynasties, had a lot of works circulated with its authorship in disarray. Part of the works were compiled by his disciples, while others were by his self-taught followers based on prior circulated Danxi's originals, plus some apocryphal so-called Danxi's works circulated posthumously. When sorting out Danxi's Hand Mirror, we found that some of its contents are closely related to Bei ji qian jin yao fang (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies), Qian jin yi fang (Supplements to Qian jin yao fang), Tai ping sheng hui fang (Peaceful Holy Benevolent Prescriptions), Zhu jie shang han lun (Annotated Treatises of Cold Pathogenic Disease), Shang han ming li lun (Elucidation of Cold Pathogenic Disease), Ge zhi yu lun (Treatise of Inquiring the Properties of Things), either by transcription or with an identical origin. By clearing their relationships, it can provide assistance to the research of the philological structure of Danxi's hand Mirror.

A Comparative Framework for Studying the Histories of the Humanities and Science.

While the humanities and the sciences have a closely connected history, there are no general histories that bring the two fields together on an equal footing. This paper argues that there is a level at which some humanistic and scientific disciplines can be brought under a common denominator and compared. This is at the level of underlying methods, especially at the level of formalisms and rule systems used by different disciplines. The essay formally compares linguistics and computer science by noting that the same grammar formalism was used in the 1950s for describing both human and. programming languages. Additionally, it examines the influence of philology on molecular biology, and vice versa, by recognizing that the tree-formalism and rule system used for text reconstruction was also employed in DNA genetics. It also shows that rule systems for source criticism in history are used in forensic science, evidence-based medicine, and jurisprudence. This paper thus opens up a new comparative approach within which the histories of the humanities and the sciences can be examined on a common level.

History of Science and History of Philologies.

While both the sciences and the humanities, as currently defined, may be too heterogeneous to be encompassed within a unified historical framework, there is good reason to believe that the history of science and the history of philologies both have much to gain by joining forces. This collaboration has already yielded striking results in the case of the history of science and humanist learning in early modern Europe. This essay argues that first, philology and at least some of the sciences (e.g., astronomy) remained intertwined in consequential ways well into the modern period in Western cultures; and second, widening the scope of inquiry to include other philological traditions in non-Western cultures offers rich possibilities for a comparative history of learned practices. The focus on practices is key; by shifting the emphasis from what is studied to how it is studied, deep commonalities emerge among disciplines--and intellectual traditions--now classified as disparate.

Dialnet - revistas

Portal académico multidisciplinar en el que participan varias bibliotecas universitarias y que ofrece información y en algunos casos el texto completo de artículos de revistas, artículos de obras colectivas, documentos de trabajo-prepublicaciones, libros, etc. Dispone de un servicio de alertas bibliográficas.

Dietary heme alters microbiota and mucosa of mouse colon without functional changes in host-microbe cross-talk.

Colon cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths in Western countries and is associated with diets high in red meat. Heme, the iron-porphyrin pigment of red meat, induces cytotoxicity of gut contents which injures surface cells leading to compensatory hyperproliferation of crypt cells. This hyperproliferation results in epithelial hyperplasia which increases the risk of colon cancer. In humans, a high red-meat diet increases Bacteroides spp in feces. Therefore, we simultaneously investigated the effects of dietary heme on colonic microbiota and on the host mucosa of mice. Whole genome microarrays showed that heme injured the colonic surface epithelium and induced hyperproliferation by changing the surface to crypt signaling. Using 16S rRNA phylogenetic microarrays, we investigated whether bacteria play a role in this changed signaling. Heme increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes in colonic contents. This shift was most likely caused by a selective susceptibility of gram-positive bacteria to heme cytotoxic fecal water, which is not observed for gram-negative bacteria, allowing expansion of the gram-negative community. The increased amount of gram-negative bacteria most probably increased LPS exposure to colonocytes, however, there is no appreciable immune response detected in the heme-fed mice. There was no functional change in the sensing of the bacteria by the mucosa, as changes in inflammation pathways and Toll-like receptor signaling were not detected. This unaltered host-microbe cross-talk indicates that the changes in microbiota did not play a causal role in the observed hyperproliferation and hyperplasia.

Revalidating Sherlock Holmes for a role in medical education.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle endowed Sherlock Holmes with extraordinary skills that Dr Watson and others found incomprehensible until Holmes gave explanations, often in the form of memorable maxims and short monologues. Intentionally or not, Doyle left us crime-solving precepts that still inform aspects of medical practice. Experienced clinicians share with Holmes the dilemma of how to make complex, often unconscious, capability accessible to novices. Doctors still invoke Holmes's methods in clinical contexts, but the validity of some of the parallels has been challenged and quoting the more popular sayings has been equated with conceit. This paper examines how the use of selected maxims and monologues can help to link abstract principles and live context in a credible way in order to make aspects of clinical reasoning and professional behaviour more accessible and memorable.

[Effectiveness of expression of tdh gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus depends on two point mutations in promoter region].

A molecular-biological study of the clinical strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that contain genes of thermostable direct hemolysin Tdh) and Tdh-related hemolysin (Trh). Using Southern blot hybridization, it is shown that genomes of strains that carry determinants of both hemolysins (tdh(+)-trh+) represent a single copy, whereas in tdh2+RH+ strains, there are two copies (tdh1 and tdh2). All of the examined tdh+trh+ and some of the tdh+trh strains either did not express the tdh gene or did not express the tdh gene (Kanagawa negative or KP-) or expressed it weakly and not often (Kanagawa intermediate, KP+), unlike several Kanagawa positive tdh+trh- strains. To establish the reasons for KP -/+ phenotypes, tdh, tdh11, and tdh2 genes of 13 strains isolated in Russia and neighboring foreign countries were sequenced, followed by the biotransformation analysis of the obtained sequences, as well as a comparison with those of a number of strains presented in GenBank. The results revealed that the weak expression of the tdh gene depends, not only on one point mutation in the promoter region (substitution of A for G in the -35 region), as was thought previously, but also on the second substitution (G for A in the -3 position relative to the -10 sequence), which is quite sufficient when the former is absent. Therefore, the reversion of KP -/+ strains that contain one of these substitutions can take place as a result of a single reverse point mutation, and they should be considered potentially dangerous. Strains that contain both substitutions may revert with lesser probability because, in this case, both mutations are necessary.

[The Problemata by Cassius Iatrosophist: problems of dating and new discoveries]. / I Problemi di Cassio Iatrosofista: difficoltà di datazione e scoperte preziose.

Nothing is known about Cassius Iatrophist, author of a collection of Problemata, which is medical oriented but has often affinities with the analogous texts of Pseudo-Aristoteles and Pseudo-Alexander of Aphrodisia. This is a provisory survey of the elements for a possible datation: as the surname of the author suggests a late compilation, the content of some problems has very high value and reveals surprisingly a close connection between ancient medicine and philology.